What is iceberg theory by Jim Cummins?
Cummins (1996, 110-111) posits a common underlying proficiency (CUP) model in which literacy related aspects of a bilingual’s proficiency in L1 and L2 are seen as common or interdependent across languages. The CUP model of the linguistic interdependence principle is illustrated in the metaphor of an iceberg.
What is cup and Sup?
Bilingual Education and the SUP (separate underlying proficiency) and CUP (cognitive underlying proficiency) Distinction.
What is Cummins BICS and CALP?
Cummins, Jim. There are clear differences in acquisition and developmental patterns between conversational language and academic language, or BICS (basic interpersonal communicative skills) and CALP (cognitive academic language proficiency).
What is separate underlying proficiency?
The separate underlying proficiency (SUP) premise suggests that no such relationship exists between the first and other languages and that languages work independently in the central processing system. Bilingual individuals would require two separate components for language processing.
How long does BICS and CALP last?
Most theorists agree that it takes at least 5 – 7 years (some think as many as 10 years) to develop this language understanding sufficiently to participate in all English academic classes with little or no support. Students who have mastered CALP are capable of comprehending the vocabulary, conceptual knowledge, etc.
What is the difference between BICS and CALP?
BICS refers to conversational fluency in a language while CALP refers to students’ ability to understand and express, in both oral and written modes, concepts and ideas that are relevant to success in school.
What is additive bilingual?
Additive bilingualism is when a student’s first language continues to be developed while they’re learning their second language. Subtractive bilingualism, however, is when a student learns a second language at the expense of their first language.
What is common underlying proficiency Cup?
The term common underlying proficiency (CUP) has also been used to refer to the cognitive/academic proficiency that underlies academic performance in both languages(Cummins 2000: p. 38), United States ESL readers used knowledge of their native language as they read in English. …
Which should be taught first BICS or CALP?
The first is the language used in social situations, called Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS). The second is needed in formal academic settings, like the chemistry lesson, referred to as Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP).
Why is CALP more difficult than BICS?
Catching up with their peers in a classroom setting might be more difficult than socializing using BICS. CALP is more than just being familiar with the content of the vocabulary. The difference between BICS and CALP is that BICS is contextualized in specific social situations while CALP is more context reduction.
Why is CALP harder than BICS?
How to improve supplier quality for Cummins Inc?
Work with your contacts at Cummins to identify a project that will support the improvement of key performance indicators or reduce cost for Cummins. Work jointly with Cummins to identify a Supplier belt and a Cummins co-belt. The Cummins co-belt and Purchasing Representative will draft the project charter and submit it for approval.
What is the Insite program for Cummins engines?
INSITE™ INSITE™ is a Microsoft Windows based electronic service diagnostic program that allows you to troubleshoot Cummins electronic engines.
What do you need to know about Cummins Update Manager?
Update Manager enables and manages software updates for Cummins products and features. Your company’s firewall may inhibit the installation of this file. Please contact your system administrator for assistance if you receive such a message.
Where can I find the Cummins supplier Handbook?
If you are not a registered supplier on the Cummins Supplier Portal, please click the button above to request an account through the Supplier Help Desk in coordination with your sourcing manager.) The Cummins Supplier Handbook (Customer Specific Requirements) can be found on the Supplier Handbook page.