What is the pathophysiology of osteoporosis?
The hallmark of osteoporosis is a reduction in skeletal mass caused by an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation. Under physiologic conditions, bone formation and resorption are in a fair balance. A change in either—that is, increased bone resorption or decreased bone formation—may result in osteoporosis.
What is clinical osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition characterized by decreased density (mass/volume) of normally mineralized bone. The reduced bone density leads to decreased mechanical strength, thus making the skeleton more likely to fracture.
Is osteoporosis a pathological disease?
If you don’t get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet to support bone density, you lose it. Pathologic fractures are frequently caused by osteoporosis.
What kind of clinical features is present in osteoporotic patients?
The clinical symptoms of osteoporosis include pain, decreased body height, dowager’s hump, bone fracture and respiratory impairment. The optional method to diagnose osteoporosis is by measuring bone mineral density (BMD) with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) at the hip and lumbar spine.
Which hormones play significant role in osteoporosis?
Estrogen and parathyroid hormone can play significant role in osteoporosis. It is caused due to the deficiency of estrogen and oxcessive activity of parathormones. Estrogen helps to promote die activity of osteoblast (helps in the formation of bone cells) and inhibits osteoclast (destruct the bones).
What do you mean by clinical manifestations?
A clinical manifestation is the physical result of some type of illness or infection. The opportunistic infections associated with HIV include any of the infections that are part of an AIDS-defining classification.
What is the treatment and prevention for osteoporosis?
Getting enough calcium and vitamin D is key to keeping bones strong as you age. Treating osteoporosis involves a combination of a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular exercise, medication, and fall prevention. Quitting smoking and drinking alcohol in moderation are also important to keep bones strong.
What is the epidemiology of osteoporosis?
Fracture Epidemiology According to a report by the US Surgeon General 4, approximately 10 million Americans over the age of 50 have osteoporosis, with a further 34 million at risk of the disease.
How do you manage osteoporosis?
How is osteoporosis treated? Treatments for established osteoporosis may include exercise, vitamin and mineral supplements, and medications. Exercise and supplementation are often suggested to help you prevent osteoporosis. Weight-bearing, resistance and balance exercises are all important.
How do you examine a patient with osteoporosis?
To diagnose osteoporosis and assess your risk of fracture and determine your need for treatment, your doctor will most likely order a bone density scan. This exam is used to measure bone mineral density (BMD). It is most commonly performed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA) or bone densitometry.
What is osteoporosis physiology?
Osteoporosis, a reduction in bone mass, predisposes to fracture. The most important cause of osteoporosis is oestrogen deficiency which results in increased bone turnover in which resorption exceeds formation. Corticosteroids can also induce osteoporosis in which trabecular bone is particularly affected.
Traditional pathophysiological concepts of osteoporosis focused on endocrine mechanisms such as estrogen or vitamin D deficiency as well as secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, research over the last decades provided exiting new insights into mechanisms contributing to the onset of osteoporosis, which go far beyond this.
Are there any effective treatment options for osteoporosis?
In contrast to other musculoskeletal diseases such as osteoarthritis or sarcopenia, for osteoporosis effective treatment options that interfere with the underlying disease processes are available; nevertheless, in clinical reality only a relatively small fraction of patients is treated adequately.
Why does osteoporosis cause weak and fragile bones?
Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that, on a cellular level, results from osteoclastic bone resorption not compensated by osteoblastic bone formation. This causes bones to become weak and fragile, thus increasing the risk of fractures.
Which is the most common form of metabolic bone disease?
Osteoporosis, the most frequent form of metabolic bone diseases, is defined as a ”skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing a person to an increased risk of fracture”.